Summary • The period from late August to mid September was characterized by favourable rainfall which brought considerable relief to large areas of traditional agriculture in northern Sudan and allowed continued crop development to take place. The season is coming to an end and for the more northern areas little if any more rainfall is expected. See Page 2-3. • Vegetation data shows the result of the good late rainfall as a generalised recovery towards average and in some cases above average levels. Good conditions are now predominant in most of the Darfurs, Gezira, southern and western Kassala and the Butana plains. However, some areas were not so benefited and remain a cause for concern - western North Kordofan (En Nahoud), northern areas of Kassala and border areas of South Kordofan – White Nile. See Page 3-4. • Delays in the onset of planting conditions are evident in the more northern r egions (3-4 weeks compared to average) and continued monitoring is required to see if availability of late rainfall can continue to minimise negative impacts of late starts. See Page 4. • Agricultural production in the mechanized sector helped by good late rainfall and deep soil moisture storage is expected to recover to moderately below average yields, compensated by possible increases in area planted (favourable market conditions). Late season data is still required for a proper assessment of potential yield and impact of pests on late harvested crops. See Page 5 and Pages 6 to 9 • The perspectives for the traditional sector are very variable across Sudan with some areas so far doing well (Darfurs, Blue Nile-Sennar), others on average (North Kordofan) and still others expected to do poorly (Kassala). Within this broad perspective, considerable variation exists, with areas of fairly good or poor performance. Late September rainfall may be key for production prospects in more marginal areas. See Page 5 and Pages 6 to 9 • Sector specific (mechanized, traditional, pasture, irrigation) information is provided in the last section of the Bulletin. See Pages 6 to 9.
Seasonal Progress
Rainfall has now started its southwards movement and will retreat progressively over the next couple of months. This means that the more northern‐central regions of Sudan can expect only minor amounts of rainfall and crop development will have to rely on stored soil moisture. Mid August to Mid September Rainfall in Sudan In mid August, the prospects for the rainy season were pessimistic (see previous issue) given the rainfall deficits affecting large areas of northern Sudan and delays in the start of planting rains across many areas. From that moment on, the situation has improved significantly thanks to regular and above average rainfall from mid August to mid September. As a result, in some areas the crop season will recover towards normal while in a few others, the improvements may have come too late.
August rainfall (as shown in Fig 2a and 2b) shows a predominant pattern of below rainfall conditions in particular affecting South and North Kordofan, some areas of North Darfur as well as Kassala in the East. Most of these areas had deficits reaching half the average monthly rainfall. In Southern Sudan rainfall deficits were also in evidence in Warab, Unity, and the Jonglei‐Upper Nile borders. A few regions did register above average rainfall, mainly in Blue Nile and smaller areas in South Darfur and West Bahr‐el‐Ghazal. These features arise mainly from the first twenty days of the month which were markedly dry (e.g. an 18 day dry spell in Kadugli region). Late August and the first 20 days of September brought significant relief with mostly above average rainfall conditions across the country in particular in the first ten days of September. South and North Kordofan and Kassala, Gezira and parts of White Nile benefited most, while conditions remained favourable in the East from Gedaref to Blue Nile and in most of West and South Darfur. The key question is whether these improvements can compensate the impacts of the late start and of the mid season water deficits on crop production. In Southern Sudan during this period, conditions were not as favourable, with drier than average conditions continuing until end of August or even later for some regions such as Warab and North Bahr‐el‐Ghazal. The rainfall season is now coming to its end. Some regions can still benefit from good late rainfall (a possible 2‐3 weeks), but for places such as Kassala, Gezira, northern White Nile, most of North Kordofan and North Darfur, little more rainfall is now expected and the season is effectively over. Remaining crop development will have to proceed on stored soil moisture. Vegetation Status Vegetation condition and development are assessed by means of the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) – this is a satellite derived parameter which responds (almost) uniquely to vegetation.
Vegetation patterns in Sudan broadly reflect the characteristics of the recent rainfall patterns. In Southern Sudan, vegetation is predominantly below average across most of the territory, except in Eastern Equatoria, which benefited from localised above average rainfall (see Fig 2b). Vegetation deficits are more marked in Warab, Unity, Jonglei and Lakes, which are the areas of higher rainfall deficits (see section above in rainfall description). Other patterns (West Bahr‐el‐Ghazal) are due to cloud interference. Overall, considering the pattern of rainfall and vegetation behaviour, agriculture and pasture performance in this region is expected to be at levels below those of the past three years which have been seasons of generally above average performance. In northern Sudan, the current vegetation conditions reflect both the delayed start to the rainfall season and the recent recovery in moisture conditions – there are still areas of marked below average vegetation, but levels are now closing or exceeding the average. Regions where improvements have been more noticeable are northern White Nile, Sennar, Gedaref state in general, most of the Darfurs, Gezira, southern and western Kassala and the Butana plains. Regions where conditions have not improved significantly are now more localised and include areas in western North Kordofan (En Nahoud and Gebeish localities), areas of eastern South Kordofan (Talodi, Rashad), southern White Nile, and the northern areas of Kassala. Crop Development and Perspectives This section provides a more crop specific analysis by looking at a balance between rainfall and the water demand imposed by the environmental conditions (i.e. temperature, humidity, solar insolation and wind levels). This balance is expressed by the ratio between the two, usually known as Moisture Index (MI). Higher (lower) MI values correspond to wetter (drier) conditions. The MI can be used to estimate if conditions suitable for crop planting have occurred and if crops have their water requirements satisfied.
Timing of the 2008 Growing Season To detect the onset of the growing season (i.e. occurrence of suitable conditions for planting and early crop development), we identify areas where the MI exceeds a value of 35% (which corresponds to the water needs of a crop in the first stages of development) for at least two 10 day periods. Fig 4 shows the dates on which the growing season is estimated to have started across Sudan : South Sudan : There were earlier than usual starts of the season, in particular in the northern and western parts of this region due to the earlier than usual northwards progress of the rainfall (see Fig 1b) in the initial stages of the season (March‐April). But in the southeastern regions of southern Jonglei and East Equatoria, low early season rainfall caused later starts and in the easternmost areas no suitable conditions have been detected yet, though recent rainfall will improve prospects for pastoral livelihoods. North Sudan : Good early starts in South Darfur, South Kordofan across to Blue Nile and parts of Sennar, though later moisture conditions were not so favourable. The key feature of this season is the late occurrence of growing season conditions in the more northern marginal areas – North Darfur, North Kordofan, White Nile, Gezira, northern Gedaref – Fig 4 shows that across many of these areas growing season conditions have only started in early August or later. In some areas this corresponds to delays of up to 6 weeks compared to the 2007 season (a season of good eearly starts) and 3‐4 weeks compared to usual. The negative effects of these late delays has been much alleviated by good late rainfall from mid August onwards and conditions have improved significantly. There are still some risks for the more marginal areas if rainfall does not hold until end of September early October and late planted (late harvested) crops are always at greater risk of pests. A few localised areas such as eastern Kassala and southwestern North Kordofan are likely to face problems as the rainfall pattern did not improve as much as required. Preliminary Crop Perspectives Mechanized farming offers a mixed picture with Gedaref and Sennar regions now with good perspectives for crop production, but with eastern South Kordofan and southern White Nile doing worse than expected from the rainfall patterns. This sector occupies deep clay soils with large moisture storage capacity, which helps crops to complete their development even after seasonal rainfall is over. Where planting was late, the late harvest will make crops more vulnerable to pests and yields will be lower. In all, perspectives are for below average yields; this may be compensated by increases in area planted, but production is still expected to be below the levels of the past three years. The situation over southern White Nile and eastern South Kordofan is being monitored closely. In the traditional sector, the effect of delayed starts to the season and mid season dryness has now been compensated by later good rainfall performance; indications from the vegetation data present a complex picture with likely crop performance varying significantly across the country. Eastern areas of Sennar and Blue Nile in general had good regular rainfall throughout the season and are expected to do well both on crops and pasture. Northern White Nile traditional agriculture and pasture areas are also doing well. From Gezira eastwards to Kassala conditions become less favourable and eastern Kassala is expected to poorly in terms of crop production considering that very little if any rainfall is now expected. Pasture in Butana plains (Kassala‐Khartoum‐Gedaref‐River Nile) has improved, bringing better perspectives in terms of pasture and water resources for livestock, but resources will be low. The eastern areas of North Kordofan have also done relatively well, with northern pasture areas also showing good response to the late rainfall. However, southwestern region of this state (En Nahoud) are expected to do poorly. In South Kordofan, the western areas were affected by fairly dry conditions in mid July ‐ mid August. Some negative impact is expected though minimised by the diversity of varieties and planting times. The eastern areas have also been affected In Darfur, North Darfur is now doing well, though with northern Um Kedada still in recovery; pasture conditions have recovered very well and the Kebkabya‐Saraf Omra region is expected to reach good production levels in terms of water supply. In South Darfur, the eastern regions (Ed Daein) may have been affected by the drier than average conditions that also affected the western Greater Kordofan region. In West Darfur northern pasture areas are also doing well, while the southern areas are performing on average terms. Regional Analysis This section provides a more focused analysis, showing rainfall and vegetation development profiles for specific land cover types, e.g. large agricultural fields, pasture areas.
Southern Sudan - Central Equatoria and Warap.
These locations show representative features of seasonal development in Southern Sudan – above average early season rainfall leading to above average vegetation development and early planting, but with the rest of the season characterized by moderately below average rainfall and a return of vegetation levels to values close to average as well. The agricultural regions of central Warap state (largely growing sorghum and groundnut) have been facing some more pronounced dryness (late Aug to mid September), potentially affecting late season crop development if it continues. In general prospects are for average production, though this means likely to be below the past 3 years levels.
Mechanized Agriculture Areas – Blue Nile, White Nile, Gedaref and Kassala Seasonal crop performance over mechanized farming areas across Sudan is variable with Blue Nile doing better than average, thanks to regular, abundant rainfall. White Nile and Gedaref show on average behaviour, though within both states there are constrasting situations – northern Gedaref and southwestern White Nile are doing worse than southern Gedaref and southeast White Nile. Kassala is doing noticeably worse due to late / below average rainfall – current vegetation levels in these regions are noticeably below average. Here significantly lower than average yields are to be expected.
Across all regions, in general mechanized farming crop yields are expected to be moderately below average. Where early season conditions were favourable and finance timely, increases in area planted have taken place and in terms of total production may compensate the lower yields. Late planted regions (Kassala, northeast Gedaref) will have lower yields and are unlikely to have increased their planted area. Pastoral Areas - North Kordofan, Kassala, White Nile, North Darfur Pasture areas present a mixed panorama across northern Sudan with broadly average/good conditions in the central and western areas of Sudan. In North Kordofan and White Nile some delay in development is noticeable but vegetation reached average levels thanks to good consistent rainfall from mid August onwards.
North Darfur pasture regions are doing fairly well with recent above average rainfall taking pasture to above average levels; western areas of this state (Kebkabyia, Saraf Omra) are likely to be doing better than more northern areas. Traditional Agriculture – Blue Nile, White Nile, North Kordofan and North Darfur Traditional agriculture areas across northern Sudan are facing broadly average prospects though with some problem areas. Blue Nile and areas of southern and eastern South Kordofan, southern Sennar have been doing well. White Nile (b) shows the problems faced by traditional farmers this season in the more northern and eastern regions – late start of crop development, compensated by good late rainfall taking crop to average performance levels. This is also the case for traditional farmers in Gezira and Kassala, though here the late season rainfall was not so favourable. In North Kordofan conditions are favourable for the larger traditional farms in the eastern areas of the state (see (c)), but as pointed out before the same is not the case for western regions of En Nahoud. In North Darfur (and elsewhere in the region) conditions are average with some areas (see (d)) doing fairly well – this is broadly representative of conditions across the Darfur region. However, in areas of late planting (White Nile, Kassala, Gezira) there are still risks if late September and early October bring markedly dry conditions which may coincide with grain formation stage a period of marked sensitivity to water stress. So prospects and remaining risks are fairly variable from region to region. If the rainfall holds a little while longer, crop yields will be broadly on or moderately below average with similar prospects for crop production as no significant increases in area planted are expected. This corresponds to yield/production levels generally below those of the last 3 years.
Irrigated Areas – Gezira and Halfa-el-Jadida (Kassala) The irrigated sector has not benefited from rainfall as much as last year and crop levels developed according to average timings. Irrigation water availability posed no problems and with good late rainfall, conditions are fairly favourable across most schemes in particular in the larger Gezira Scheme. Good yields and likely increase in area under cereal may lead to above average production in the irrigated sector.
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